Abstract: As the largest sediment “source-sink” system in the world, the Northeast Indian Ocean has formed the largest estuarine deltas in the world - the Ganges Delta, whose sedimentary processes have an important influence on the oceanic material and energy balance in the Northeast Indian Ocean. In this paper, 84 surface sediments in the Ganges Submarine Delta were systematically tested and analyzed for Rare Earth Elements (REE), revealing their compositional characteristics and spatial distribution patterns, identifying their main material sources, and discussing the sediment transport modes in the study area in combination with hydrodynamic conditions. The results show that the total content of rare earth elements (∑REE) in the surface sediments of the study area ranges from 40.89 to 472.38 μg/g, with an average value of 188.98 μg/g, which is characterized by the enrichment of Light Rare Earth Elements (LREE) and the relative homogeneity of Heavy Rare Earth Elements (HREE), and exhibits the obvious pattern of negative anomaly of Europium (Eu) and no anomaly of Cerium (Ce). Using the spatial clustering analysis of the characteristic parameters of rare earth elements such as ∑REE, total content of Light Rare Earth Elements (∑LREE), total content of Heavy Rare Earth Elemnets (∑HREE), ratio of Light and Heavy Rare Earth Elements (∑LREE/∑HREE), Europium anomaly (δEu) and Cerium anomaly (δCe), the study area can be divided into three zones: Zone Ⅰ is located in the near-estuary waters on the north side of the study area, and it is the area of high value of rare earth elements (the average value of which is 376.64 μg/g), where the materials of the river flowing into the sea in the northern part of the study area are more prone to be settled; Zone Ⅱ is located in the north coast of the study area, with an average value of 201.43 μg/g of rare earth content, and the sediments are almost all from the Himalayan land-source detritus; Zone Ⅲ is mainly located in the deep-water area in the south side of the study area, and part of it is located in the northwest side (close to the Sundarbans area), with the lowest rare earth content, with an average value of 135.16 μg/g, and most of the sediments in this area are from the Himalayan land-source detritus, with a portion of the Indian Peninsula land-source denudation. Combined with the hydrodynamic conditions of the study area, further analysis of the spatial distribution pattern of REE indicators shows that the transport and distribution of sediments in the study area are mainly controlled by monsoon and influenced by tides. The Himalayan land-sourced detritus transported by the Ganges-Brahmaputra River is transported southward by turbidity currents, and the sediment content in the study area decreases with the increase of transport distance, so the ∑REE in the study area shows a north-high and south-low distribution pattern, whereas substance of the Indian Peninsula transported by the Mahanadi River enters into the Bay of Bengal and is driven by the southwestern monsoon, which has an effect on the composition of sediments REE in the southern sea area of the study area.