Abstract: Engineering geological properties of shallow seabed sediment including mean grain size, porosity, density and shear strength are basic information for marine sedimentology research and marine engineering development. The acquisition of these physical and mechanical parameters is mainly based on limited seafloor sampling or in situ testing. Acoustic geophysical detection is based on the propagation of acoustic signals in sediments to obtain data on water depth topography and sedimentary stratigraphic structure, and some of the acoustic parameters such as seabed reflection coefficient, wave impedance, backscattering intensity are closely related to seafloor engineering geological parameters. The geophysical exploration data, combined with a certain amount of traditional sediment sampling data, can be used to carry out the inversion of seabed engineering geological parameters, which has the advantages of high work efficiency and continuous and abundant data collection. So it is a useful supplement to traditional seabed sediment sampling and engineering geological characteristics research. This study discussed the types of seafloor sediments, physical and mechanical parameters and their acoustic properties, compared analysis advantages and disadvantages of multi-beam, sub-bottom profiles and multi-channel seismic data in the inversion of physical and mechanical parameters of the seafloor, and proposed the development prospects of inversion of seafloor engineering geological parameters from geophysical exploration data.