Abstract: Microplastics are widely present in the marine environment, and the biological and ecological environmental issues they caused have also attracted a lot of attention. Selecting appropriate species to monitor marine microplastic pollution is critical to correctly evaluate the ecological impact of microplastics. Though previous studies have selected different candidate species as bioindicators for microplastic pollution based on different criteria, there is still a lack of in-depth screening and long-term, continuous monitoring data on marine microplastic pollution. Based on comprehensive analysis of laboratory and literature data, this article systematically assesses the feasibility of using bivalves as bioindicators for monitoring marine microplastic pollution. It is recommended to use mussels and clams as bioindicators for monitoring microplastic pollution in seawater and sediments, respectively. The current monitoring of marine microplastic pollution using bivalves as bioindicators is often affected by inconsistency in research methods. Therefore, we further discuss the methodological factors affecting microplastic detection in bivalves and provide methodological guidance for establishing standard methods for microplastic pollution monitoring using bivalves as bioindicators. Future research still needs to further evaluate the suitability of bivalves as bioindicators, and screen other suitable bioindicators to formulate a reasonable biological monitoring plan for marine microplastic pollution.